Japanese Communication Etiquette and Bowing

The Japanese are regarded as the most polite people in the world because they learn the art of etiquette and bowing from a young age. This is due to the fact that Japanese society is organized in a strict hierarchy, with age, social status, and official position playing important roles in communication. Younger people or those of a lower rank always show respect to their elders and superiors, as evidenced by their speech and behavior.

Using Honorifics to Address Someone

Using the correct forms of address is crucial when interacting with people at any level in Japan. Here are some of the main forms:

• -san
  This is a universal form of respectful address for elders, regardless of their gender or marital status. It is typically used after the family name, such as "Suzuki-san." It is also employed to address older friends, though it is added to their first names.
• -kun
  This informal form is used to address boys and young men of equal or lower status, and also between close friends.
• -chan
  The diminutive and affectionate form, "-chan" is employed for children and close friends, but it is mostly commonly used to address girls.
• -sama
  One of the most respectful forms, "-sama" is used when addressing people of higher status.
• -sensei
  This honorific is used to address teachers and can be used with or without a surname.
• -senpai
  Used to address a mentor or an older person with more experience. The opposite term, "-kōhai", is used by "senpai" when referring to younger subordinates.

Levels of Politeness

Keigo is a polite Japanese speech style that reflects the differences or similarities in status, age, and social closeness. There are three levels of keigo for different situations:

• Teineigo
  This is the standard polite speech used between people of equal status.
• Sonkeigo
  This level of speech is used to address someone of a higher rank, using very respectful and deferential verbs.
• Kenjogo
  This is a humble style of speech in which the speaker expresses modesty by often speaking of their actions in a self-deprecating manner, such as saying, "allow myself to rest".

The Art of Bowing

Ojigi is a traditional polite bow in Japan that is used in various situations, from greetings and farewells to expressions of gratitude and apologies.
Bowing has been a part of Japanese culture for centuries, with its origins tied to Buddhist and Confucian philosophies that emphasize respect and piety. Over time, ojigi has become an integral part of Japanese etiquette across all aspects of life, making it impossible to imagine modern Japanese culture without it.
Bows are classified into three types used for different occasions:

• Eshaku: A slight bow with a 15-degree body inclination is used for everyday greetings and to express gratitude or apologies in informal situations.
• Keirei: A medium bow with a 30-degree body tilt, commonly used to greet or bid farewell to colleagues, customers, and acquaintances.
• Saikeirei: A deep bow with a 45-degree body tilt, reserved for particularly important occasions, such as apologizing for serious mistakes or showing deep respect.

Bowing in Japan follows certain rules. Before bowing, make eye contact with the person you are interacting with, then lower your gaze as you bow. It is important to keep your back straight and your arms at sides while bowing. Women typically place their hands in front of them, with the palm of the left hand over the back of the right hand. Bows should be performed smoothly and without abrupt movements to maintain a harmonious greeting.

Practical Tips for Tourists

• Observe and Mimic. When surrounded by Japanese people, try to observe their behavior in order to mimic their gestures and manners. This will help you adapt quickly and avoid breaking unwritten rules.
• Learn Basic Phrases. Even if you don't speak Japanese, knowing a few basic phrases like "good morning" (o-hayo gozaimas), "thank you" (arigatou gozaimasu), and "excuse me" (sumimasen) will help you show respect and friendliness.
• Respect Personal Space. Personal space is highly valued in Japan, so avoid touching others, refrain from speaking loudly, and show respect for those around you.
• Be Prepared to Bow. If you find yourself in a situation where you need to bow, make sure to do it with attention to detail. Remember that a proper bow is not just a gesture but also a way to express your attitude toward the person you are engaging with.
• Avoid Excessive Emotion. The Japanese generally prefer restraint in communication. Try to control your emotions, especially in public places.

Observing proper etiquette in speaking and bowing helps to maintain harmony and respect in society. Understanding these basics will help tourists fully appreciate the richness of Japanese traditions, making their journey more meaningful and enjoyable.